http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-40426502
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It was reported last month but authorities released a photo this week in a public appeal for information.
The penalties for unlawfully killing protected wildlife include a fine of up to A$36,500 (£21,600; $27,700) and up to two years in jail.
Victoria's Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning said it had partnered with police to solve the crime.
"This is appalling and immoral behaviour and we are urging anyone with information to come forward," said spokesman Mike Sverns.
"It would have taken some time to stage the kangaroo in that position on the side of the road and we are certain that someone would have seen something, given the public area and traffic flow of this main road."